Spear phishing is a type of targeted attack where the attacker sends emails that appear to come from a legitimate source, often a company or someone familiar to the target, with the goal of tricking the target into clicking on a malicious link or providing sensitive information. In this case, the penetration tester has already gathered OSINT on the IT system administrator, so they can use this information to craft a highly targeted spear phishing attack to try and gain access to the target system.