The Birthday Attack is a type of cryptographic attack that exploits the mathematics behind the birthday problem in probability theory. This attack is relevant to the question as it involves attacking cryptographic hash functions based on the probability of collisions. In the context of hash functions, a collision occurs when two different inputs produce the same hash output. The Birthday Attack leverages the fact that in a set of randomly chosen keys, it is probable that two keys will have the same hash value. This is analogous to the birthday paradox, where in a group of people, there's a high probability that two individuals will share the same birthday. The attack does not rely on the strength or weakness of the hash function itself, but on the statistical likelihood of these collisions occurring, which is surprisingly high even for large sets of possible hash values.